Further information: Gorillas in popular culture Drawing of a gorilla who has killed a hunter and destroyed his shotgun, as narrated by Paul Du Chaillu, 1861 Gorillas are one of our closest living relatives, after chimpanzees and bonobos. They share between 95% and 99% of our DNA! a b Watts, D. P. (1989). "Infanticide in mountain gorillas: new cases and a reconsideration of the evidence". Ethology. 81: 1–18. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1989.tb00754.x.

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The American physician and missionary Thomas Staughton Savage and naturalist Jeffries Wyman first described the western gorilla in 1847 from specimens obtained in Liberia. [6] They called it Troglodytes gorilla, using the then-current name of the chimpanzee genus. The species name was derived from Ancient Greek Γόριλλαι (gorillai) 'tribe of hairy women', [7] as described by Hanno.a b c Stokes, E. J.; Parnell, R. J.; Olejniczak, C. (2003). "Female dispersal and reproductive success in wild western lowland gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla gorilla)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 54 (4): 329–339. doi: 10.1007/s00265-003-0630-3. JSTOR 25063274. S2CID 21995743. Leigh, S. R.; Shea, B. T. (1995). "Ontogeny and the evolution of adult body size dimorphism in apes". American Journal of Primatology. 36 (1): 37–60. doi: 10.1002/ajp.1350360104. PMID 31924084. S2CID 85136825.

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a b Sarmiento, E. E. (2003). "Distribution, taxonomy, genetics, ecology, and causal links of gorilla survival: the need to develop practical knowledge for gorilla conservation". In Taylor, A. B.; Goldsmith, M. L. (eds.). Gorilla biology: a multidisciplinary perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.432–471. Gorillas will groom each other by combing each other with their fingers and teeth. This ‘social grooming’ is an important aspect of gorilla groups which helps to establish and reinforce social bonds. Until recently, gorillas were considered to be a single species, with three subspecies: the western lowland gorilla, the eastern lowland gorilla and the mountain gorilla. [5] [11] There is now agreement that there are two species, each with two subspecies. [12] More recently, a third subspecies has been claimed to exist in one of the species. The separate species and subspecies developed from a single type of gorilla during the Ice Age, when their forest habitats shrank and became isolated from each other. [13] Primatologists continue to explore the relationships between various gorilla populations. [5] The species and subspecies listed here are the ones upon which most scientists agree. [14] [12] Genus Gorilla – Geoffroy, 1852 – two speciesSmith, K. (7 March 2012). "Gorilla joins the genome club". Nature. doi: 10.1038/nature.2012.10185. S2CID 85141639. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Columbus Zoo announces the death of Colo, world's oldest zoo gorilla". Columbus Zoo. Archived from the original on 19 May 2021 . Retrieved 12 February 2018.

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a b c d Groves, C. (2002). "A history of gorilla taxonomy" (PDF). In Taylor, A. B.; Goldsmith, M. L. (eds.). Gorilla biology: A multidisciplinary perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp.15–34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Robbins, M. M. (2001). Variation in the social system of mountain gorillas: the male perspective. pp.29–58. Yamagiwa, J.; Kahekwa, J. (2001). Dispersal patterns, group structure, and reproductive parameters of eastern lowland gorillas at Kahuzi in the absence of infanticide. pp.89–122.Liddell, H. G.; Scott, R. "Γόριλλαι". A Greek-English lexicon. Perseus Digital Library. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011.

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Gorillas became highly prized by western zoos since the 19th century, though the earliest attempts to keep them in captive facilities ended in their early death. In the late 1920s the care of captive gorillas significantly improved. [91] Colo (December 22, 1956 – January 17, 2017) of the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium was the first gorilla to be born in captivity. [92] a b Marchant, L. F.; Nishida, T. (1996). Great ape societies. Cambridge University Press. pp.226–227. ISBN 978-0521555364. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2011. Scally, A.; Dutheil, J. Y.; Hillier, L. W.; etal. (2012). "Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence". Nature. 483 (7388): 169–175. Bibcode: 2012Natur.483..169S. doi: 10.1038/nature10842. hdl: 10261/80788. PMC 3303130. PMID 22398555. Gorilla family groups each live within relatively small areas of land. Different groups can however occupy converging areas and co-exist peacefully.a b c d Watts, D. P. (1996). "Comparative socio-ecology of gorillas". In McGrew, W. C.; Marchant, L. F.; Nishida, T. (eds.). Great ape societies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.16–28. a b Plumptre, A.; Robbins, M. M.; Williamson, E. A. (2019). " Gorilla beringei". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T39994A115576640. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39994A115576640.en. Wildlife: mountain gorilla". AWF. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 September 2011.